Difference between revisions of "UAS in EM Standard Operating Guide"

Revision as of 19:36, 14 October 2016

SOG Version 1.5  |  14 OCT 16

Introduction

Overview

The Center for Disaster Risk Policy (CDRP) at Florida State University established the Unmanned Aircraft System research project to assess and improve the usability of small unmanned aircraft systems in the context of state, local, and federal disaster management. This project examines UAS hardware, software, policies and procedures, data collection methodologies, and crew training and education to develop best practices for UAS applications in emergency management.

CDRP is the applied and field research arm of the Emergency Management and Homeland Security Program at FSU, and CDRP faculty and staff have decades of operational emergency management, communications, and information technology experience.

UAS are gaining national attention as a new and exciting technology. Hobbyists and private citizens are acquiring UAS and using them to capture imagery and other data from a vantage point that was previously reserved for those with access to manned aircraft. Governments at all levels are expressing interest in how UAS can be applied to emergency management processes, including mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.

Purpose of this Document

This Standard Operating Guide includes all non-aircraft specific information and operational guidelines for CDRP personnel operating a UAS.

Further, this document may be used as a template for any entity conducting UAS operations in support of emergency or disaster response agencies.

Authors

David Merrick, Jarrett Broder, Rob McDaniel, Jessica Weins, Tanya Shannon, Abra Kinch

Published Location

This guide and all supporting documents is published at http://uas.cdrp.net

Administration

Administrative Control

This unmanned aircraft system research project is under the administrative control of the Center for Disaster Risk Policy at Florida State University. All research and operations must comply with CDRP polices and procedures, University policies and procedures, as well as state, local and federal laws and regulations.

The UAS research project director is the Director of the Center for Disaster Risk Policy at Florida State University.

Authority to Task

Only the Directors of the Center for Disaster Risk Policy and the Emergency Management and Homeland Security Program at Florida State University or their delegates have the authority to task or assign any UAS resources (including but not limited to aircraft, personnel, or equipment) to any project, mission, or other assignment.

Maintenance of this Document

This Standard Operating Guide is maintained and updated by the Center for Disaster Risk Policy and approved by the Director of CDRP.

Coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration

For purposes of correspondence with the FAA, to include (but not limited to) aircraft registration, Certificate of Authorization (COA) applications, incident reporting, operational reporting, etc., this research program should be identified as:

Center for Disaster Risk Policy

Florida State University

113 Collegiate Loop

Bellamy 638

Tallahassee, FL 32306-2250

850.644.9961

uas@cdrp.net

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Limitations and Requirements

Limitations and Requirements Overview

All UAS operated by the Center for Disaster Risk Policy will meet the following requirements and limitations, without exceptions.

These limitations and requirements are in effect to ensure safe operation of the UAS and ensure the safety of the crew, onlookers and other personnel not directly involved in the operation.

Weight

The UAS will weigh less than 55lbs. at takeoff. This is gross weight (or 'all up' weight) including fuel sources (battery) and mission payload.

Performance and Altitude

The UAS will not exceed 86 knots of ground speed during flight. This equates to 100mph or 44m/s.

The UAS will not exceed 400' AGL unless specifically authorized by the FAA or if operated within the parameters of Part 107 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR).

Preflight Inspection

Prior to any UAS flight, the Pilot in Command will conduct a thorough inspection of all components of the UAS, including the air vehicle, ground control station, and communication devices. Systems not found to be in condition for safe flight or operation will not be utilized.

Any discrepancies found during pre-flight inspections should be logged in the aircraft logbook.

Minimum Crew

All UAS operations will be conducted by a Pilot in Command (PIC) and Visual Observer (VO). The PIC has the final authority and responsibility for the safe operation of the UAS and the safety and well-being of UAS crewmembers. While not required, an Aircraft Operator (AO) is recommended for safe operation.

Failsafe Mode

All UAS must be equipped with a failsafe mode in case of primary control link failure. This failsafe should return the aircraft to the launch point without requiring human intervention. Specific mission profiles may require a different failsafe mode to ensure the safety of persons on the ground. This SOG must not be construed to require a flight mode that is unsafe.

Emergency Procedures Defined

All UAS must have documented emergency procedures covering (at a minimum): engine or power failure; fire; loss of control link; loss of GPS; loss of telemetry data link; loss of video downlink. Emergency Procedures will be detailed in the Pilot's Operating Handbook as required in this SOG.

Flight Controls

All UAS must have a Primary Flight Controller (PFC) allowing the pilot manual (or a close approximation of manual) control over the aircraft. All UAS must have an autopilot capable of autonomous and user-directed flight.

The PFC must be in the direct possession of the Pilot in Command at all times.

Required Flight Modes/Autopilot Modes

Each aircraft and autopilot combination provides different flight control modes. While the aircraft or autopilot may provide additional modes, the following are required:

• Manual/Stabilized Mode - Allows the pilot or pilot-in-command to manually control the aircraft. This mode may provide stabilization if required (as on a multi-rotor).
• Loiter Mode - Allows the aircraft to hold lateral position and altitude with minimal pilot input. Fixed-wing aircraft may circle a specific point.
• Return to Launch - Directs the aircraft to begin an automated least-time/least-distance return to the launch point. Useful as a failsafe mode.

Battery Reserve

Battery voltage is the 'fuel' for electric UAS. With this in mind, all UAS flights will end while the aircraft maintains a 25% battery reserve. Battery voltage and capacity should be measured using voltage of the battery per the aircraft POH.

Aircraft Markings

All UAS must be registered with the FAA. All aircraft must display the corresponding registration number (N-number) in a permanent fashion so that it is visible while on the ground.

If required by the FAA, all UAS will be marked as 'Experimental'. This marking will be visible and permanent.

Aircraft Documentation

Each UAS will have a Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) specific for the model. The POH will be located with the Ground Control Station and will be familiar to each crewmember.

The POH will include all documentation required by this SOG and will be available for inspection during all UAS operations.

Crewmembers

Crewmembers Defined

UAS crewmembers constitute any personnel responsible for the safe operation of the unmanned aircraft, support systems, payload, or coordination systems. Crewmembers are classified into one of the following positions: Pilot-in-Command, Aircraft Operator, Sensor Operator, Visual Observer.

The required positions for all UAS flights are Pilot-in-Command and Visual Observer. Other positions may be added to a flight if mission requirements and workload dictate.

Pilot-in-Command

The Pilot-in-Command (PIC) flies the aircraft and is the final authority on all aspects of the UAS operation. The PIC is responsible for all aspects of the UAS operation and supervises the Visual Observer, Aircraft Operator, and/or Sensor Operator.

The Pilot-in-Command must possess a current FAA Private Pilot Certificate or better.

Pilot-in-Command Currency Requirements

Prior to UAS operations for research or applied applications, the PIC will have logged a minimum of 5 hours as a UAS pilot and 3 take offs and 3 landings in the preceding 90 days. This is total time, not in a specific aircraft.

Aircraft Operator

The Aircraft Operator (AO) operates the UAS autopilot and autonomous systems. Using these systems, the AO may control the aircraft using waypoint navigation or guided mode. The AO assists with the launch and recovery of the aircraft and coordinates with the Sensor Operator if assigned.

Aircraft Operator Knowledge Standards

• Pass FAA Private Pilot Written Exam
• Possess Class 2 FAA Medical Certificate
• Pass CDRP UAS Operator Knowledge Exam. This exam verifies knowledge of:
  • FAA regulations and guidance on UAS operations in the National Airspace System
  • Weather as it applies to UAS operations, including operational minimums
  • Parts and function of UAS airframe and systems
  • UAS terminology
  • UAS crew resource management
  • CDRP UAS mission management workflow
  • Payload capabilities
  • Mission planning
  • Autopilot and GCS use
  • Launch and recovery field assessment
  • UAS power management

Aircraft Operator Practical Standards

• If required, possess a FAA Private Pilot Certificate (or better).
• Demonstrate the following:
  • Preflight inspection of the UAS and systems
  • Assess launch and recovery areas and methods
  • Procedures for loss of control link, power failure, loss of telemetry, and fire
  • Create automated mapping mission
  • Operate the GCS and autopilot to include:
    • Execute pre-planned autonomous mission
    • Direct the aircraft to a specific location in flight
    • Redirect the aircraft to a second location in flight
    • Change flight modes
    • Restart automated mission
    • Describe aircraft telemetry including GPS status, battery and power status, altitude, heading, airspeed, ground speed, and vertical velocity.
  • Assemble and disassemble the aircraft

Visual Observer

The Visual Observer (VO) acts as a second set of eyes for the Pilot-in-Command and ensures safe operation of the UAS. This includes ensuring separation of UAS operations from manned aviation activity, enforcing minimum safe distances of bystanders and observers, and safe interaction of the crew. The VO assists with launch and recovery of the aircraft.

Visual Observer Knowledge Standards

• Pass CDRP UAS Operator Knowledge Exam. This exam verifies knowledge of:
  • FAA regulations and guidance on UAS operations in the National Airspace System
  • Weather as it applies to UAS operations, including operational minimums
  • Parts and function of UAS airframe and systems
  • UAS terminology
  • UAS crew resource management
  • CDRP UAS mission management workflow
  • Payload capabilities
  • Launch and recovery field assessment
  • UAS power management

Visual Observer Practical Standards

• Demonstrate the following:
  • Preflight inspection of the UAS and systems
  • Assess launch and recovery areas and methods
  • Procedures for loss of control link, power failure, loss of telemetry, and fire
  • Assemble and disassemble the aircraft

Sensor Operator

The Sensor Operator (SO) operates the UAS payload and/or sensors, including EO/IR cameras, digital still cameras, atmospheric sensors, or any other payload. The SO assists with the launch and recovery of the aircraft and coordinates with the Aircraft Operator if assigned.

Sensor Operator Knowledge Standards

• Pass CDRP UAS Operator Knowledge Exam. This exam verifies knowledge of:
  • FAA regulations and guidance on UAS operations in the National Airspace System
  • Weather as it applies to UAS operations, including operational minimums
  • Parts and function of UAS airframe and systems
  • UAS terminology
  • UAS crew resource management
  • CDRP UAS mission management workflow
  • Payload capabilities
  • Launch and recovery field assessment
  • UAS power management

Sensor Operator Practical Standards

• Demonstrate the following:
  • Preflight inspection of the UAS and systems, with emphasis on payloads
  • Program and control payload systems, including cameras and other sensors
  • Assess launch and recovery areas and methods
  • Procedures for loss of control link, power failure, loss of telemetry, and fire
  • Assemble and disassemble the aircraft

Training and Proficiency

CDRP UAS crew will maintain proficiency through periodic training and proficiency flights.

Pilot-in-Command, Aircraft Operator, and Visual Observer must demonstrate proficiency in knowledge and practical standards every 90 days.

Crew Flight Logs

All crew are required to maintain accurate logs of all time associated with UAS flights. This includes, but is not limited to; time as Pilot-in-Command, time as Aircraft Operator, time as Visual Observer, time as Sensor Operator, and time as an instructor.

Flight logs should be consolidated once per calendar month, stored electronically in a centralized location, and reviewed periodically for accuracy and completeness.

Flight Environment

Airspace

UAS Flights will primarily occur in Class G airspace. No operations will be conducted in Class A or Class B airspace. Operations in Class C and Class D airspace will only occur with prior approval of the FAA.

Operations within five (5) nautical miles of a non-towered airport will require approval from the airport authority prior to operations commencing.

See Appendix A - Post Disaster Airspace Management and Coordination for more information regarding UAS operations during or after an emergency or disaster.

Line of Sight

All UAS will be flown within the visual line of sight of the Pilot in Command and Visual Observer. Visual line of sight must be unaided through optical or electronic means (outside of standard prescription contact lenses or glasses).

Altitude

All UAS flights will be conducted at or below 400' AGL.

Weather and Time of Day

All UAS flights will operate at least 500 feet below or 2,000 feet horizontally from clouds. All UAS flights will be conducted when visibility is at least 3 statute miles from the Pilot in Command and Visual Observer.

All UAS flights will occur during daylight hours.

Flight Risk Assessment

Crew will conduct a thorough risk assessment prior to each UAS sortie. Factors considered will include weather, location, mission parameters, crew capacity and operational tempo.

The CDRP Risk Matrix tool is located in Appendix E - Risk Matrix.

Preflight Briefing

Prior to all UAS flights, sorties, or missions, a thorough preflight brief will be conducted for all crewmembers, observers and other participants. This briefing will include, at a minimum:

• Crewmember assignments
• Aircraft and payload summary
• Mission or purpose of flight
• Description of the mission or flight area
• Duration
• Weather
• Identification of coordinating/controlling agencies, entities, etc.
• Communications plan, including crew and outside communications
• Hazards to the aircraft and crew
• Description of primary launch and recovery area (LRA) and any alternate LRA's

Launch and Recovery Areas

Launch and Recovery Areas (LRAs) will be selected based on the requirements of the aircraft and the mission. LRAs must be located on property the UAS crew has a legal right/permission to access, and must provide a safe area to operate for the crew, observers, and aircraft.

LRA's must be clear of overhead power lines, telecommunication lines, and other obstacles.

Operations Over People and Property

The UAS will not be operated directly over any person at an altitude that is hazardous to the persons below in the event of a failure of the UAS or associated systems.

Yield to Manned Aviation

All UAS operations must remain clear of and immediately yield to manned aircraft operations. This includes ultra-light aircraft, parachutists, balloonists, parasailing activity, hang gliders, etc.

Battery/Fuel Reserve

All UAS will land with a 25% reserve battery power. This reserve may be used at the discretion of the pilot-in-command only to ensure safety of flight as well as people/material on the ground.

Privacy

UAS will not capture or retain imagery of private property or persons where doing so would violate a reasonable expectation of privacy.

For operations in the State of Florida, all flights will be conducted in compliance with State statute 934.50 "Searches and seizure using a drone."

Stationary Ground Control Station

UAS operations will only be conducted from stationary locations. The PIC or ground control station will not be located in a moving vehicle.

Sterile Cockpit

During critical flight operations, such as launch and recovery, the UAS crew will ensure that a 'sterile cockpit' is enforced around the ground control station. Sterile cockpit means that no extraneous conversation or non-essential activities will occur.

Maintenance

Airframe Log

All maintenance performed on UAS will be logged in the UAS airframe logbook. Each entry will include, at a minimum: the person performing the maintenance action, date, description of the maintenance action, and list of parts replaced.

Changes to the firmware, software, or operating system of the aircraft or autopilot must be logged.

Periodic Inspection

All UAS airframes will be inspected for damage every calendar quarter. These inspections will be logged in the UAS airframe logbook. This inspection must include: full power test, control surface check, transmitter/receiver range check, and autopilot functionality check.

Payload Changes

All payload changes will be logged in the UAS airframe logbook. This will included routine swaps of previously flown payloads.

Bench and Acceptance Testing

Any activity that changes the operational and/or flight characteristics will require that the UAS undergo bench and flight acceptance testing prior to further use.

Bench testing may be accomplished without propellers or rotors to ensure expected operation of autopilots, control surfaces, servos, etc. Bench testing should be performed before flight acceptance testing.

Flight acceptance testing must be performed prior to operational or research use. Flight testing should be conducted in a remote and secure location, with a limited crew exposure to the untested aircraft.

Changes to any of these systems requires bench and flight testing:

• Structural components of the airframe
• Motors
• Electronic speed controllers
• Power distribution systems
• Radio control transmitter or receiver
• Autopilot or flight controller
• Propellers (reconfigure only)

Permissions and Certifications to Fly

Certificate of Authorization

CDRP will obtain an Air Traffic Organization (ATO) issued Certificate of Authorization (COA) prior to conducting UAS operations for any purpose. This COA may be obtained for a Public Aircraft of flight operations that are a public good, or under a valid Section 333 exemption for commercial activities.

Emergency Certificate of Authorization

When operating in support of an emergency response or recovery effort, an Emergency Certificate of Authorization (E-COA) may be obtained from the FAA. The E-COA will authorize existing airframes and/or systems defined in an existing COA to operate in new airspace under specified guidelines.

The E-COA process requires the authorization of a response or recovery agency.

Notice to Airmen

If required by the COA, CDRP will request a Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) 48 to 72 hours in advance of UAS operations.

Plan of Activities

CDRP will provide a written Plan of Activities to the local ATO office with jurisdiction over the area encompassing the UAS operations. This written plan will be submitted as early as feasible prior to the commencement of UAS operations. CDRP will also make public the Plan of Activities on the website http://cdrp.net.

The Plan of Activities will include (at a minimum):

• Dates and times of UAS operations
• Contact name and phone number for the UAS pilot-in-command
• Make, model and N-number of the UAS to be flown
• Name and FAA certificate number of the UAS PIC
• Statement that the CDRP has obtained permission from the property owners and/or local officials to conduct the flight.
• Signature of exemption holder or representative
• A description of the flight activity, including maps and diagrams of the activity.

Appendices

Post-Disaster Airspace

Flight operations, manned and unmanned, in post-disaster airspace are complicated and potentially dangerous. As such, close coordination between FAA ATO, the SERT Air Operations Branch and the UAS operator are critical. When operating in these environments, UAS crews should maintain a sterile cockpit at all times.

UAS Coordination

UAS flights supporting disaster response and/or recovery will occur only after coordination with and approval by the responsible Air Operations Branch at the city, county or state level. During all post-disaster UAS operations, CDRP will designate a UAS Coordinator as the direct contact to the Air Operations Branch. The UAS Coordinator will be co-located with the Air Operations Branch whenever practical.

Airspace Deconfliction

UAS operations need to be in compliance with the FAA Airspace Management Plan for Disasters (AMP). This is accomplished within the Air Operations Branch.

The standard FAA AMP calls for rotary wing search and rescue (SAR) and rotary wing sling load operations to occur between the surface and 500' AGL. This is in direct conflict with the typical airspace for small UAS operations. Therefore, it is recommended that UAS operations be segregated from active rotary wing SAR and sling load operations.

Pilots of manned aircraft are not likely to see a UAS at low altitude. Therefore it is the responsibility of the UAS crew to see and avoid manned aircraft at all times. UAS are required to always yield to manned aircraft.

UAS segregation should occur using three factors: geographic, altitude, and date/time. UAS flights should be authorized only in specific airspace, from the surface to a specific altitude (typically 400' AGL or less) and in specific date and time blocks. All altitude coordination with the AOB or ATC must be done in feet (English).

Air Operations Branch Communication

UAS crew must notify the AOB via telephone prior to launch of a UAS and again upon recovery. If the duration of the UAS sortie is to exceed 20 minutes, the UAS crew must notify the AOB every 20 minutes of the aircraft status, location, airspeed and altitude.

Local Traffic Radio Communication

The UAS crew must advise local air traffic via the established CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency) every 20 minutes of UAS position, airspeed and altitude. In case of operations near towered airports, these CTAF reports will be made to the local ATC controlling the airspace. In operations away from towered airports, CTAF calls will be made "in the blind" in the same manner as manned aircraft notify local traffic of activities in and around the traffic pattern of uncontrolled airports. A.5 - Airspace Exceptions

In a post-disaster environment, particularly when a Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) has been issued by the FAA, UAS Flights may occur in any type of airspace authorized by the FAA and the Air Operations Branch.  

UAS Mission Profiles

UAS operations can support several missions typically managed by the Florida SERT Air Operations Branch (AOB), including Incident Awareness and Assessment (IAA), Aerial imagery and Airborne search and rescue. These activities support the AOB defined mission priorities of reconnaissance, property protection, environmental protection, and lifesaving.

To accomplish these activities, UAS operations can be broken down into several UAS mission types applicable to emergency management. Each of these UAS mission types has payload requirements as well as specific products - the output of the mission. By understanding the products of each of these mission type, managers can apply an appropriate mission to an activity and/or priority.

Some aircraft and payload combinations allow for the payload to be configured in flight to accomplish different mission types. Others require the payload to be configured on the ground, prior to launch, and is not changeable in flight.

A specific mission profile is capable of generating specific products and outputs. Further, each mission profile has set requirements in the context of airframe, payload, supplemental equipment, and crew.

Still Imaging

Still image collection can capture either vertical or oblique imagery.

Vertical still images (also called nadir images) are taken with the camera oriented so that it is pointed straight down (vertically) at the ground. Each image captured is what appears directly below the aircraft. No horizon is visible. Vertical still images look like small parts of a map, and provide roughly consistent scale across the entire image. The vertical perspective also makes the measurement of direction and distance possible on the raw photo.

Oblique still images are taken with the camera oriented horizontally or at an angle other than vertical. High angle oblique images have the apparent horizon visible in the image, while low angle oblique images do not. Oblique images have some significant advantages over vertical images. At similar altitudes, oblique images show more area than a vertical image, though perspective creates significant distortions in scale and distance. Oblique images also can show features that are not visible in vertical images, such as walls of buildings.

The camera may be configured to capture images on a timed cycle using an intervalometer or it may be connected to the aircraft autopilot to capture images spaced by a set distance, such as every 50 meters. Further, some payloads and/or cameras may allow the operator to trigger the camera manually.

To be effective in this mission, all images must be tagged with the geographic coordinates of the camera when the image was taken. To accomplish this, the camera should either have an integrated global positioning system (GPS) or the images may be geocoded using autopilot logs during post-flight processing.

Note that oblique still images cannot be used to create ortho-rectified mosaics or maps.

Requirements

• Still imaging payload or camera, including any required stabilization mounts (anti-vibration, gimbal, etc.) and recording media (SD Card, etc.)
• Transmitter for imaging feed to ground control station
• Receiver and monitor for imaging feed
• GPS logging of aircraft position during flight

Products or Outputs

• Still images
• Still images with geographic representation
• Ortho-rectified mosaic
• Digital maps
• Printed maps
• Digital elevation models

Video Imaging

Video image collection can capture either vertical or oblique imagery. Classification of video as vertical or oblique follows the same guidelines as described in Still Imaging.

For the highest quality video imagery the camera should be stabilized using a brushless gimbal that negates or reduces the apparent movement of the aircraft.

Embedding location coordinates in video imagery is not possible in the same way it is accomplished in still imagery. Geographic information (location information) from the aircraft's autopilot flight logs may be synced to the video file in post-processing to illustrate the location of the video.

Video imaging may include live video transmitted to the ground in addition to video recorded and stored on the aircraft.

Requirements

• Video imaging payload or camera, including any required stabilization mounts (anti-vibration, gimbal, etc.) and recording media (SD Card, etc.)
• Transmitter for imaging feed to ground control station
• Receiver and monitor for imaging feed in ground control station
• GPS logging of aircraft position during flight

Products or Outputs

• Live video
• Post-mission video
• Still images from video
• Pushbroom images from video

Infrared Imaging

Infrared image collection can capture either vertical or oblique video imagery in the near infrared spectrum. Classification of infrared imagery as vertical or oblique follows the same guidelines as described in Still Imaging.

For the highest quality infrared imagery the camera should be stabilized using a brushless gimbal that negates or reduces the apparent movement of the aircraft.

Embedding location coordinates in infrared video imagery is not possible in the same way it is accomplished in still imagery. Geographic information (location information) from the aircraft's autopilot flight logs may be synced to the infrared video file in post-processing to illustrate the location of the infrared video.

Infrared video imaging may include live video transmitted to the ground in addition to high-definition video recorded and stored on the aircraft.

Requirements

• IR imaging payload or camera, including any required stabilization mounts (anti-vibration, gimbal, etc.) and recording media (SD Card, etc.)
• Transmitter for imaging feed to ground control station
• Receiver and monitor for imaging feed
• GPS logging of aircraft position during flight

Products or Outputs

• Live infrared video
• Post-mission infrared video
• Still images from infrared video
• Pushbroom images from infrared video

Low Level Corridor Imaging

Low level corridor imaging is a specialized video imaging mission profile intended for flood assessment in streets with limited overhead clearance due to trees and power lines.

Requirements

• Video imaging payload or camera, including any required stabilization mounts (anti-vibration, gimbal, etc.) and recording media (SD Card, etc.)
• Video camera suitable for navigation and obstacle clearance (First Person View camera)
• Transmitter for imaging feed to ground control station
• Receiver and monitor for imaging feed in ground control station
• GPS logging of aircraft position during flight

Products of Video Imaging Mission Profile

• Live video
• Post-mission video
• Still images from video

Life Safety Equipment Deployment

[ in development ]

UAS Data Processing

Once the UAS sortie is complete, the data collected must be processed into a usable product. That product must then be distributed (made available in some way) to the end user. This Annex serves as a base document to discuss the post-mission processing and distribution required for a variety of UAS mission types.

To support the distribution of products, the following items/services are required:

• High-speed (broadband) internet access such as 4G or WiFi
• An internet Content Management System (CMS) such as WordPress, Mura, or Google Sites. (Google Docs may be used in this role).
• A Google account capable of supporting Google Hangouts, YouTube streaming, Google Photos, Google My Maps, and Picasa Web Albums
• The following software packages installed and configured on the computer to process photos and videos:
  • Google Picasa (https://picasa.google.com/)
  • Google Chrome (http://www.google.com/chrome/) (Highly recommended)
  • Google Earth Pro (https://www.google.com/earth/download/gep/agree.html)
  • Skitch by Evernote (https://evernote.com/skitch/)
  • GPicSync (https://github.com/metadirective/gpicsync)
  • Garmin VIRB Edit (http://www.garmin.com/en-US/shop/downloads/virb-edit)
  • Agisoft Photoscan Pro

Still Images (with Geographic Representation)

Still images are the simplest of all UAS products. They can be processed to remove distortion or simply distributed ‘raw’ as they are downloaded from the aircraft.

All camera payloads are capable of capturing still imagery either on command from the pilot or via an intervalometer script or device.

Processing Workflow

1. Create directory structure to contain mission images
2. Create map and description of the mission area in Google Maps.
3. Publish map and mission description to CMS.
4. Download still images from the aircraft and clear the aircraft memory card.
5. Geolocate images
6. If the camera payload contains GPS functionality (such as a Garmin VIRB) then images are geolocated automatically. No further action is required. Skip to step 9.
7. Images captured with a non-GPS camera (such as a Canon SX260 or GoPro Hero 4) must have the coordinates of the location the image was captured at written into the file. This can be accomplished by synchronizing the autopilot flight log and the captured images using software such as GPicSync.
8. Verify image location data.
9. Location information in the images should be reviewed for accuracy.
10. Save mission photo set into the appropriate directory structure
11. Import mission photo set into Picasa as a Album
12. Initial exploitation - delete unnecessary photos, etc.
13. Post-process images for color correction or to correct lens distortion (optional)
14. Watermark images (optional)
15. Upload to Picasa Web Albums, confirm sharing settings (set to Limited).
16. Publish link to Picasa Web Album to CMS, notify of availability of initial imagery.
17. From Picasa Web Album page, save the album’s KML file.
18. Publish KML to CMS, notify of availability.
19. Secondary exploitation - Mark and identify features, issues, etc. using Skitch.
20. Add annotated photos from Skitch to Picasa album.
21. Upload annotated photos to Picasa Web Albums.
22. Publish notes about annotations to CMS, notify of availability of exploited imagery.

Distribution

End user access to the still images is available via the Content Management System and Picasa Web Albums. The images can also be distributed via USB drive, CD-ROM, or other removable media.

Ortho-rectified Mosaic

During post flight processing, the geo-tagged still images can be stitched together using software to create an ortho-rectified mosaic image of the entire area covered by the flight, creating a pseudo-map. This process can be time consuming and creates large datasets, which may be difficult to distribute via the internet. Ortho-rectified mosaics are too large to be distributed via most email systems.

Ortho-rectified mosaics (referred to as ‘orthos’ from here on) are useful for analyzing large areas and are easier to understand than a collection of still images (such as the Still Images product).

Processing Workflow

1. At a minimum, perform Steps 1 through 7 of the Still Images Processing Workflow. Recommended that all steps in the Still Image Processing Workflow be completed prior to this workflow being started.
2. Load photos into Agisoft Photoscan Pro and process to obtain a JPG or PNG format Orthophoto. This process will take considerable time!
3. Publish notes about orthos to CMS, notify of availability of orthos.

Distribution

End user access to the processed orthophoto will be via USB drive or other removable media. In some situations, it may be possible to provide online access to the orthophoto via FTP or other web services, but this will require excellent IT infrastructure to accomplish.

Digital Maps

Digital maps may look and feel like an ortho-rectified mosaic, but they contain editorialized information. Utilizing the ortho-rectified mosaic image, geographical information system (GIS) software can create full featured maps for distribution via print or electronic means (internet delivery). This process is manual and may take considerable time (days) during post-processing.

Processing Workflow

1. At a minimum, perform Steps 1 through 7 of the Still Images Processing Workflow. Recommended that all steps in the Still Image Processing Workflow be completed prior to this workflow being started.
2. Perform the Ortho-rectified Mosaic workflow.
3. Using ArcGIS, QGIS, TileMill or similar software packages (not prescribed here), create digital map products from the created ortho.
4. Using a digital map tile creation tool, publish the resulting map tiles on the internet.
5. Publish notes about maps to CMS, notify of availability of map products.

Distribution

Digital map tiles, once published online, can be utilized by a variety of digital tools on desktop and mobile platforms.

Digital Elevation Model

During post flight processing, vertical still images can be used to create a three-dimensional model of the area observed. This model can be utilized as a Digital Elevation Model or used to create contour lines on a map. This process takes considerable processing time and may require detailed ground surveys to occur simultaneously with original flight(s).

Processing Workflow

1. At a minimum, perform Steps 1 through 7 of the Still Images Processing Workflow. Recommended that all steps in the Still Image Processing Workflow be completed prior to this workflow being started.
2. Perform the Ortho-rectified Mosaic workflow.
3. In PhotoScan Pro, Generate a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) file.
4. Upload the DEM file to the CMS and publish link.
5. Publish notes about DEM to CMS, notify of availability of DEM products.

Distribution

Digital Elevation Model files are relatively small in size, and can be distributed online (as in the workflow above) or via any USB or removable media.

Live Video (Color or IR)

Live video, transmitted from the aircraft to the ground while in flight, is a valuable decision making tool. Live Video can be combined with just about any mission type, even if the primary mission is not to shoot video.

This process utilizes YouTube’s Live Streaming capability. This tool provides for live broadcast of a video stream, as well as an immediate archive of the video after the live broadcast ends. Access to the video can be restricted via obfuscation (viewers must have the URL) or access control - users must sign in via username and password.

Live video transmission to the ground station is standard definition (SD, 640x480 pixels) when originating from the 3DR Iris+, FireFLY6, or 3DR Y6. Live video is high definition (720p, 1280x720 pixels) when originating from the DJI Phantom 3 Advanced or DJI Inspire 1

Live video is only possible while the aircraft and payload are within transmission range of the ground station.

Live video requires broadband internet at the Ground Control Station - preferably 4G or LTE service. There will be a delay in the video stream of between 30 and 60 seconds.

Processing Workflow

1. Create map and description of the mission area in Google Maps.
2. Publish map and mission description to CMS.
3. Prior to flight, test video downlink.
4. Connect USB video capture device to laptop used to process/transmit video.
5. Connect video receiver on the ground to the USB capture device inputs.
6. UAS Crew utilizes receiver/monitor in the Ground Station to monitor the aircraft and provide real-time assessment and planning.
7. Launch YouTube Dashboard (https://www.youtube.com/dashboard) in Google Chrome
8. Schedule a new “Live Streaming Event”, using the “Quick” (Google+ Hangouts on Air). Set privacy to “Unlisted” or “Private”. Title and description must be completed and should include reference to the mission identifier, date and time.
9. Click ‘Go Live Now’. This will launch Google+ Hangouts On Air.
10. Select the USB capture device as the input for the Google Hangout video. The video from the UAS should now be displayed on the screen.
11. Click ‘Start Broadcast’.
12. During the mission, the Hangout Toolbox can be used to display text information over the video, or to replace the video with still images.
13. From the YouTube Dashboard, get the URL of the Live YouTube stream.
14. Publish link to the CMS, notify of availability of live video imagery.
15. At the conclusion of the flight, shut down the live stream.
16. Modify the link on the CMS to indicate the link is no longer live, but an archived version of a previously live video.
17. Publish notes about video to CMS, notify of availability of archived video imagery.

Distribution

All distribution of the live video is via the internet.

Post-Mission Video (Color or IR)

In situations where internet access is not available, video can be recorded in-flight and processed and distributed after the sortie or mission. This mission is not dependent on the Live Video mission type - it can be run simultaneously or stand alone.

Unlike Live Video, Post-Mission Video is always high-definition, typically 1080p resolution.

Processing Workflow

1. Create directory structure to contain mission video.
2. Create map and description of the mission area in Google Maps.
3. Publish map and mission description to CMS.
4. Download video from the aircraft and clear the aircraft/payload memory card.
5. Download the autopilot log for the flight.
6. Synchronize the video to the log and create location visualizations using Garmin VIRB Edit or similar software.
7. Initial exploitation - edit video to remove unnecessary segments (launch, landing, etc.)
8. Downsample video to minimum acceptable resolution
9. Upload video to Google Drive
10. Publish link to Google Drive video to CMS, notify of availability of processed video.
11. Publish notes about video to CMS.

Distribution

Final processed videos may be very large, depending on resolution and duration. Videos should be uploaded to Google Drive as soon as practical but lack of bandwidth may delay this process. Post-Mission Video can also be distributed via USB drive or other removable media. In many cases, this may be the preferred method.

Still Images from Video (Color or IR)

During processing of Post-Mission Video, it may be desirable to capture still images from the video file. This can be accomplished using a variety of techniques, from dedicated software to taking a screenshot of the video while paused.

Once the images are captured, they can be processed as Still Images as described in Still Images (with Geographic Representation) manual geotagging will be required.

UAS Capabilities Outline

These figures should be used for rough planning purposes only.

3DRobotics IRIS+ Multirotor

Endurance: 11 minutes (with reserve)

Inventory: 5 aircraft

Missions: Still imagery, video imagery (live SD and post-processed), Life safety drop

Minimum Crew: 2

Coverage at 400' AGL: 19 acres (.075 sq. km. / 7.5 hectares)

Coverage at 200' AGL: 9.5 acres (.038 sq. km. / 3.85 hectares)

3DRobotics Y6 Multirotor

Endurance: 11 minutes (with reserve)

Inventory: 1 aircraft

Missions: Still imagery, video imagery (live SD and post-processed)

Minimum Crew: 2

Coverage at 400' AGL: 19 acres (.075 sq. km. / 7.5 hectares)

Coverage at 200' AGL: 9.5 acres (.038 sq. km. / 3.85 hectares)

Swift Radioplanes Lynx UAS Fixed-Wing

Endurance: 80 minutes (with reserve)

Inventory: 1 aircraft

Missions: Still imagery (Nadir)

Minimum Crew: 2, 3 Preferred

Coverage at 400' AGL: 1112 acres (4.5 sq. km. / 450 hectares)

Coverage at 200' AGL: 556 acres (2.25 sq. km. / 225 hectares)

DJI Inspire 1 Multirotor

Endurance: 18 minutes

Inventory: 1 aircraft

Missions: Still imagery, video imagery (live HD and post-processed)

Minimum Crew: 2

Coverage at 400' AGL: 30 acres (.12 sq. km. / 12 hectares)

Coverage at 200' AGL: 15 acres (.06 sq. km. / 5 hectares)

DJI Phantom 3 Advanced Multirotor

Endurance: 20 minutes

Inventory: 1 aircraft

Missions: Still imagery, video imagery (post-processed only)

Minimum Crew: 2

Coverage at 400' AGL: 30 acres (.12 sq. km. / 12 hectares)

Coverage at 200' AGL: 15 acres (.06 sq. km. / 5 hectares)

Risk Matrix

The current EMHS/CDRP Risk Matrix appears below. It can be accessed at:

https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=0B7eEPWQtRx9UfnBGcktYQmdzb1NXemM3N0tmMHlNNE9BR0ZSVG9rVnowZnBiaGNjbmJvOVk&usp=sharing

Glossary and Acronyms

Acronyms

AGL - Altitude above ground level

AO - Aircraft Operator

AOB - Air Operations Branch

ATO - Air Traffic Organization

COA - Certificate of Authorization

CTAF - Common Traffic Advisory Frequency

FAA - Federal Aviation Administration

GCS - Ground Control System

IR - Infrared

MSL - Altitude above mean sea level

NOTAM - Notice to Airmen

NM - Nautical mile

PFC - Primary Flight Controller

PIC - Pilot-in-Command

POH - Pilot's Operating Handbook

SO - Sensor Operator

SOG - Standard Operating Guide

TFR - Temporary Flight Restriction

UAS - Unmanned Aircraft Systems

UAV - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

VO - Visual Observer

Glossary

Air Operations Branch - Branch of the Incident Command System responsible for the coordination and direction of all airborne assets and activities.

Air Traffic Organization - Administrative division of the FAA responsible for the safe control of all air traffic in the United States.

Aircraft logbook - Logbook for each aircraft detailing flight time, maintenance and repairs.

Aircraft Operator - Crewmember responsible for operation of the autopilot and autonomous flight systems.

Certificate of Authorization - Authorization from the FAA to operate a UAS for research or public use.

Certificated Pilot - A pilot in possession of a valid and current pilot's certificate issued by the FAA or other international aviation authority.

Commercial Pilot Certificate - A pilot's certificate valid for commercial operations (for hire).

Crew - Personnel required for the safe and effective operation of the UAS.

Failsafe mode - Automated mode which is triggered when the UAS loses connection/signal from the GCS and/or PFC. Typically the failsafe mode is 'return to launch'.

Flight - One launch to landing cycle of the aircraft and crew.

Ground Control Station - Computer, tablet and/or other communications equipment on the ground designed to interface with and control the aircraft and autopilot.

Guided Mode - Autopilot controlled flight mode in which the Aircraft Operator clicks on a map interface to direct the aircraft to fly to that location.

Medical Certificate - An FAA issued certificate indicating the holder has passed a flight physical and background check. Medical Certificates are issued in three classes, First, Second and Third, and are good for a limited period of time.

Mission - One assigned objective for the UAS and crew to accomplish. A single mission may require multiple sorties or flights.

N-Number - FAA aircraft registration number. In the United States, all aircraft registration numbers begin with the letter 'N'.

Non-towered Airport - An airport without an operating/staffed control tower.

Notice to Airmen - A standard method of informing the aviation/pilot community of a special or temporary condition that may impact the safety of flight.

Pilot-in-Command - The individual who has final authority and responsibility for the aircraft and crew.

Pilot's Operating Handbook - The manual that outlines all aspects of the safe and effective operation of a specific aircraft or UAS.

Private Pilot Certificate - A pilot's certificate valid for personal or non-commercial/non-compensated use.

Registration number - See N-number

Safety Pilot - Pilot or operator of the UAS who utilizes the Primary Flight Control to maneuver (or 'fly') the aircraft. The safety pilot is typically also the Pilot-in-Command.

Sensor Operator - Crew member responsible for the configuration and operation of the sensor payload as well as equipment that supports that payload.

Sortie - A single flight of the UAS or aircraft.

Temporary Flight Restriction - A temporary restriction placed by the FAA on a specific piece of airspace for a specific time. Enforced to ensure the safety of aircraft as well as people on the ground. TFR's are common over a disaster impact area to prevent normal traffic from interfering with search and rescue aircraft, etc.

Towered Airport - An airport with an operating and manned air traffic control tower.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - Acceptable term for an unmanned aircraft. Refers to the aircraft itself.

Unmanned Aircraft System - The FAA adopted term for an unmanned aircraft as well as the systems, equipment, and crew that support that aircraft. This is the preferred terminology.

Visual Observer - Crew member responsible for ensuring the UAS does not interfere with other aircraft or obstacles.

Waypoint - A set of coordinates and altitude entered in the GCS to which the aircraft will automatically fly. Upon reaching the waypoint, the aircraft will typically move to the next sequential waypoint.